ШАЛЫТ

In 1954 he received degree of doctor of physico-mathematical sciences when academician A.F.Ioffe has invited him in a new organized Institute of semiconductors of AS USSR as a head of Laboratory of low temperatures. He initiated constructing in his Laboratory the second in St.-Petersburg cryogenic station, that has allowed to carry out researches of kinetic phenomena in semiconductors and metals at temperature of liquid hydrogen (14-20.4К) and liquid helium (1.2 – 4.24К). Soon the laboratory began a country leader on low temperature physics of semiconductors, and S.S.Shalyt has been entered into Scientific council AS USSR on a problem “ Physics of low temperatures ”.

He investigated in details the phonon-drag effect and thermal conductivity at low temperatures where interaction between charge carriers and long-wave phonons is essential.

Wide popularity he received for his laboratory activity on research of a new quantum effect of magneto- phonon resonance predicted in theory by V.L.Gurevich and Ju.A.Firsov. The effect has been detected and investigated in details in a lot of semiconductors of various symmetry, including the cases of a complex and anisotropic spectrum.

The other direction of his team that received international popularity was research of unique properties of an anisotropic elementary semiconductor - tellurium, resulted to an establishment of an energy spectrum of this semiconductor, the first supervision of intraband magnetic breakdown in semiconductors, to opening of reconstruction of an energy spectrum of a valence band of tellurium at hydrostatic pressure.

The significant contribution to studying galvano-and thermomagnetric phenomena in quantum magnetic fields that promoted to finde-out some peculiarities in Shubnikov-de Gaas effect in the conditions when magnetic field leads to reorganization of energy spectrum for charge carriers has also brought by Shalyt. The next cycle of Shalyt with collegues papers on photomagnetic effect (Kikoin-Noskov effect) research at helium temperatures in quantum magnetic fields have revealed the role in this effect of electron initial heating with a light in a whole number of semiconductors.

Shalyt published more than 100 scientific papers. His papers on research of charge and heat phenomena transmission in semiconductors, semimetals and pure metals were received the wide international resonans. It was result of a complex approach to researches and high experimental class of them, allowed to reveal new features of mechanisms of interaction quasi particles in a solid state and to determine material characteristics of some materials. The data received in his laboratory were included in directories, textbooks and monographies (P.I.Baransky, etc. ‘Semi-conductor electronics’ the Directory, From - in ” Naukova Dumka”, Kiev, 1975, Landolt-Börnstein the New edition Of some 17. Springer-Verlag 1983; B.M.Askerov. The kinetic phenomena in semiconductors. "Nauka", Leningrad.1970; I.M.Tsidilkovsky. Zoned structure of semiconductors. Moscow "Science" 1978, etc.)

For a number of years S.S.Shalyt was a professor on physics of semiconductors in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now the St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University). Many post-graduate students from different cities of the Soviet Union regularly worked in his laboratory at that time. Many (15) of them, for example, Sobir Aliev, Imdad Tagiev were awarded their PhD under his management and 6 of them were awardded doctor's degrees.

Main papers

1. S.S. Schalyt, Ferromagnetische Eigenschaften einiger paramagnetischen Salze, Sow.Phys. 11, 556, 1937.
2. S.S.Shalyt, Magneto-thermal properties of abnormal paramagnetic salts, DAN USSR, [in Russian] 24, 679 (1939).
3. S.S.Shalyt, Thermoconductivity of bismuth monocrystals at low temperatures, ZhETF, [in Russian] 15, 250 (1945).
4. I.N.Timchenko, S.S.Shalyt, Thermoelectric properties of tellurium at low temperatures, FTT [in Russian] 4, 934 (1962).
5. S.S.Shalyt, А.L.Efros, To quantum oscillations of galvanomagnetic effects in Indium Arsenide and Antimonide, FTT, [in Russian] 4, 1233 (1962).
6. R.V.Parfeniev, А.М.Pogarskii, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Galvanomagnetic properties of tellurium. Structure of a valence band, FTT, [in Russian] 4, 3596 (1962).
7. R.V.Parfeniev, S.S.Shalyt, V.M.Muzhdaba, Experimental evidance for magnetophonon resonance in n-InSb, ZhETF, [in Russian] 47, 444 (1964).
8. Yu.A.Firsov, V.L.Gurevich, R.V.Parfeniev, S.S.Schalyt, Investigation of a New Type of the Osccillations in the Magnetoresistance, Phys.Rev.Lett, 12, 660 (1964).
9. S.Т. Pavlov, R.V.Parfeniev, Yu.A.Firsov, S.S.Shalyt, To electron spin influence on quantum oscillations galvanomagnetic factors in n-InSb, ZhETF, [in Russian] 48, 1565 (1965).
10. M.S.Bresler, R.V. Parfeniev, S.S.Shalyt, Quantum oscillations of thermoelectric power in n-InSb, FTT, 8, 1776 (1966).
11. R.V.Parfeniev, I.I.Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Quantum oscillations of photo-electric factors in n-InSb at the strong magnetic field, ZhETF, [in Russian] 53, 1571 (1967).
12. S.S.Shalyt, V.M.Muzhdaba, А.D.Galetskaya, Lattice and electron thermoconductivity for PbTe, PbSe и PbS, FTT, [in Russian] 10, 1277 (1968).
13. R.I.Lyaguzhenko, R.V.Parfeniev, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, I.N.Yasievich, Photomagnetic effect in quantum magnetic fields at electron heating with a light, FTT, [in Russian] 10, 2241 (1968).
14. S.A.Aliev, I.N.Dubrovskaya, L.L.Korenblit, B.Ya.Moizhes, V.M.Muzhdaba, Yu.I.Ravich, I.A. Smirnov, V.I.Tamarchenko, S.S.Schalyt, On Non-elastic Scattering of the Carriers in Semiconductors, in Proс. of 9th Intern. Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Moscow, v.2, 1968, p.659.
15. I.Ya. Korenblit, М.Е.Kuznetsov, S.S.Shalyt, Thermoelectric power and termomagnetic properties of bismuth at low temperatures, ZhETF, [in Russian] 56, 8 (1969).
16. D.V.Mashovets, S.S. Schalyt, Magnetophonon Resonance in Tellurium, in: Physics of Selenium and Tellurium, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1969, p.371.
17. V.P.Zhuze, V.I.Novikov, V.М.Sergeeva, S.S.Shalyt, Some kinetic phenomena in Neidim monohalkogenidin in the field of magnetic ordering, FTT, [in Russian] 11, 2192 (1969).
18. M.S.Bresler, V.G. Veselago, Yu.V. Kosichkin, G.E. Pikus, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Structure of tellurium energy spectrum of a valent band, ZhETF, [in Russian] 57, 1479 (1969).
19. I.Ya. Korenblit, М.Е.Kuznetsov, V.M.Muzhdaba, S.S.Shalyt, Electronic thermoconductivity and Videman-Frants ratio for Bi, ZhETF, [in Russian] 57, 1867 (1969).
20. V.B. Anzin, M.S.Bresler, I.I. Farbstein, Yu.V. Kosichkin, D.V. Mashovets, G.E. Pikus, S.S. Schalyt, V.G. Veselago, Energy Spectrum of Holes in Tellurium and Landau Level Splitting in Magnetic Field, in: Proc. 10th Intern. Conference of Semiconductors, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, p.357.
21. V.V.Kosarev, P.V.Tamarin, S.S.Schalyt, Thermal Conductivity of Indium Antimonide at Low Temperature, Phys.Stat.Sol. b 44, 525 (1971).
22. R.V.Parfeniev, G.I. Harus, I.М.Tsidilkovskii, S.S.Shalyt, Magnetophonon resonance in semiconductors, UFN, [in Russian] 112, 3 (1974).
23. А.B.Batdalov, V.I.Tamarchenko, S.S.Shalyt, Hydrodynamical effect in wolfram thermoconductivity, ZhETF (Letters), [in Russian] 20, 382 (1974).
24. V.I.Novikov, V.P.Zhuze, V.М.Sergeeva, S.S.Shalyt, An Influence of antiferromagnetic ordering on the electronic kinetic phenomena in monosulfide Disprozium, ZhETF, [in Russian] 68, 2159 (1975).
25. B.К.Chakalskii, V.М. Azhazha, N.А.Red`ko, S.S.Shalyt, Vanadium thermoconductivity at low temperatures, ZhETF (Letters), [in Russian] 23, 513 (1976).

Our History

Simon S. Shalyt (1911 – 1977) Uspehi Fiz. Nauk, 123, №4 (1977).


Our History Simon S. Shalyt (1911 – 1977) Uspehi Fiz. Nauk, 123, №4 (1977). Professor, doctor of sciences, since 1954 head of Laboratory of low temperatures of Institute of semiconductors, and after merge of it with Ioffe Physico Tecnical Institute – head of Sector of the kinetic phenomena in solids at low temperatures. He has received an education in the Leningrad industrial institute (St.-Petersburg state technical university) (1932-1936), scientific activity has begun when was a student of Ukrainian Physicotechnical Institute in Kharkov under L.V.Shubnikov's management. В1940 received PhD for investigation of magnetoheat properties of (abnormal) anomalous paramagnetic salts. In a period from 1946 to 1950. S.S.Shalyt worked in Laboratory of measuring devices of AS USSR on a nuclear problems (now «I.V.Kurchatov institute») in Laboratory №2 in a post of the senior receacher under I.K.Kikoin. According to contemporaries S.S.Shalyt was «his a right Hand». He solved a problem gas - diffusion divisions of isotopes of uranium and supervised over assembly and start-up of the industrial separation cascade on a diffusion factory in Ural (“History of the Soviet nuclear project ”: documents, memoirs, researches. Iss.1. - M., 1998). In 1954 he received degree of doctor of physico-mathematical sciences when academician A.F.Ioffe has invited him in a new organized Institute of semiconductors of AS USSR as a head of Laboratory of low temperatures. He initiated constructing in his Laboratory the second in St.-Petersburg cryogenic station, that has allowed to carry out researches of kinetic phenomena in semiconductors and metals at temperature of liquid hydrogen (14-20.4К) and liquid helium (1.2 – 4.24К). Soon the laboratory began a country leader on low temperature physics of semiconductors, and S.S.Shalyt has been entered into Scientific council AS USSR on a problem “ Physics of low temperatures ”. He investigated in details the phonon-drag effect and thermal conductivity at low temperatures where interaction between charge carriers and long-wave phonons is essential. Wide popularity he received for his laboratory activity on research of a new quantum effect of magneto- phonon resonance predicted in theory by V.L.Gurevich and Ju.A.Firsov. The effect has been detected and investigated in details in a lot of semiconductors of various symmetry, including the cases of a complex and anisotropic spectrum. The other direction of his team that received international popularity was research of unique properties of an anisotropic elementary semiconductor - tellurium, resulted to an establishment of an energy spectrum of this semiconductor, the first supervision of intraband magnetic breakdown in semiconductors, to opening of reconstruction of an energy spectrum of a valence band of tellurium at hydrostatic pressure. The significant contribution to studying galvano-and thermomagnetric phenomena in quantum magnetic fields that promoted to finde-out some peculiarities in Shubnikov-de Gaas effect in the conditions when magnetic field leads to reorganization of energy spectrum for charge carriers has also brought by Shalyt. The next cycle of Shalyt with collegues papers on photomagnetic effect (Kikoin-Noskov effect) research at helium temperatures in quantum magnetic fields have revealed the role in this effect of electron initial heating with a light in a whole number of semiconductors. Shalyt published more than 100 scientific papers. His papers on research of charge and heat phenomena transmission in semiconductors, semimetals and pure metals were received the wide international resonans. It was result of a complex approach to researches and high experimental class of them, allowed to reveal new features of mechanisms of interaction quasi particles in a solid state and to determine material characteristics of some materials. The data received in his laboratory were included in directories, textbooks and monographies (P.I.Baransky, etc. ‘Semi-conductor electronics’ the Directory, From - in ” Naukova Dumka”, Kiev, 1975, Landolt-Börnstein the New edition Of some 17. Springer-Verlag 1983; B.M.Askerov. The kinetic phenomena in semiconductors. "Nauka", Leningrad.1970; I.M.Tsidilkovsky. Zoned structure of semiconductors. Moscow "Science" 1978, etc.) For a number of years S.S.Shalyt was a professor on physics of semiconductors in the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now the St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University). Many post-graduate students from different cities of the Soviet Union regularly worked in his laboratory at that time. Many (15) of them, for example, Sobir Aliev, Imdad Tagiev were awarded their PhD under his management and 6 of them were awardded doctor's degrees. Main papers 1. S.S. Schalyt, Ferromagnetische Eigenschaften einiger paramagnetischen Salze, Sow.Phys. 11, 556, 1937. 2. S.S.Shalyt, Magneto-thermal properties of abnormal paramagnetic salts, DAN USSR, [in Russian] 24, 679 (1939). 3. S.S.Shalyt, Thermoconductivity of bismuth monocrystals at low temperatures, ZhETF, [in Russian] 15, 250 (1945). 4. I.N.Timchenko, S.S.Shalyt, Thermoelectric properties of tellurium at low temperatures, FTT [in Russian] 4, 934 (1962). 5. S.S.Shalyt, А.L.Efros, To quantum oscillations of galvanomagnetic effects in Indium Arsenide and Antimonide, FTT, [in Russian] 4, 1233 (1962). 6. R.V.Parfeniev, А.М.Pogarskii, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Galvanomagnetic properties of tellurium. Structure of a valence band, FTT, [in Russian] 4, 3596 (1962). 7. R.V.Parfeniev, S.S.Shalyt, V.M.Muzhdaba, Experimental evidance for magnetophonon resonance in n-InSb, ZhETF, [in Russian] 47, 444 (1964). 8. Yu.A.Firsov, V.L.Gurevich, R.V.Parfeniev, S.S.Schalyt, Investigation of a New Type of the Osccillations in the Magnetoresistance, Phys.Rev.Lett, 12, 660 (1964). 9. S.Т. Pavlov, R.V.Parfeniev, Yu.A.Firsov, S.S.Shalyt, To electron spin influence on quantum oscillations galvanomagnetic factors in n-InSb, ZhETF, [in Russian] 48, 1565 (1965). 10. M.S.Bresler, R.V. Parfeniev, S.S.Shalyt, Quantum oscillations of thermoelectric power in n-InSb, FTT, 8, 1776 (1966). 11. R.V.Parfeniev, I.I.Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Quantum oscillations of photo-electric factors in n-InSb at the strong magnetic field, ZhETF, [in Russian] 53, 1571 (1967). 12. S.S.Shalyt, V.M.Muzhdaba, А.D.Galetskaya, Lattice and electron thermoconductivity for PbTe, PbSe и PbS, FTT, [in Russian] 10, 1277 (1968). 13. R.I.Lyaguzhenko, R.V.Parfeniev, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, I.N.Yasievich, Photomagnetic effect in quantum magnetic fields at electron heating with a light, FTT, [in Russian] 10, 2241 (1968). 14. S.A.Aliev, I.N.Dubrovskaya, L.L.Korenblit, B.Ya.Moizhes, V.M.Muzhdaba, Yu.I.Ravich, I.A. Smirnov, V.I.Tamarchenko, S.S.Schalyt, On Non-elastic Scattering of the Carriers in Semiconductors, in Proс. of 9th Intern. Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, Moscow, v.2, 1968, p.659. 15. I.Ya. Korenblit, М.Е.Kuznetsov, S.S.Shalyt, Thermoelectric power and termomagnetic properties of bismuth at low temperatures, ZhETF, [in Russian] 56, 8 (1969). 16. D.V.Mashovets, S.S. Schalyt, Magnetophonon Resonance in Tellurium, in: Physics of Selenium and Tellurium, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1969, p.371. 17. V.P.Zhuze, V.I.Novikov, V.М.Sergeeva, S.S.Shalyt, Some kinetic phenomena in Neidim monohalkogenidin in the field of magnetic ordering, FTT, [in Russian] 11, 2192 (1969). 18. M.S.Bresler, V.G. Veselago, Yu.V. Kosichkin, G.E. Pikus, I.I. Farbstein, S.S.Shalyt, Structure of tellurium energy spectrum of a valent band, ZhETF, [in Russian] 57, 1479 (1969). 19. I.Ya. Korenblit, М.Е.Kuznetsov, V.M.Muzhdaba, S.S.Shalyt, Electronic thermoconductivity and Videman-Frants ratio for Bi, ZhETF, [in Russian] 57, 1867 (1969). 20. V.B. Anzin, M.S.Bresler, I.I. Farbstein, Yu.V. Kosichkin, D.V. Mashovets, G.E. Pikus, S.S. Schalyt, V.G. Veselago, Energy Spectrum of Holes in Tellurium and Landau Level Splitting in Magnetic Field, in: Proc. 10th Intern. Conference of Semiconductors, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, p.357. 21. V.V.Kosarev, P.V.Tamarin, S.S.Schalyt, Thermal Conductivity of Indium Antimonide at Low Temperature, Phys.Stat.Sol. b 44, 525 (1971). 22. R.V.Parfeniev, G.I. Harus, I.М.Tsidilkovskii, S.S.Shalyt, Magnetophonon resonance in semiconductors, UFN, [in Russian] 112, 3 (1974). 23. А.B.Batdalov, V.I.Tamarchenko, S.S.Shalyt, Hydrodynamical effect in wolfram thermoconductivity, ZhETF (Letters), [in Russian] 20, 382 (1974). 24. V.I.Novikov, V.P.Zhuze, V.М.Sergeeva, S.S.Shalyt, An Influence of antiferromagnetic ordering on the electronic kinetic phenomena in monosulfide Disprozium, ZhETF, [in Russian] 68, 2159 (1975). 25. B.К.Chakalskii, V.М. Azhazha, N.А.Red`ko, S.S.Shalyt, Vanadium thermoconductivity at low temperatures, ZhETF (Letters), [in Russian] 23, 513 (1976).